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Millions of Americans remain under criminal justice control through probation and parole, according to a new report. It brings into focus legal conditions the authors said often steer the formerly incarcerated back to jail over debt or technical violations, with concerns for Alabama.

The Prison Policy Initiative's latest findings pointed out the "correctional control" population includes 3 million people on probation and more than 536,000 others on parole nationwide.

Wanda Bertram, communication strategist for the initiative, said the systems often act as trapdoors to harsher incarceration.

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"In Alabama and in many other states, that means you're going to have to comply with a bunch of rules or else you will be put in jail," Bertram explained. "Alabama actually has the largest number of those rules of any state. There's 22 different conditions that people have to comply with on any given day."

Bertram reported Alabama has about 27,000 people in state prisons, compared to 44,000 on probation and nearly 7,000 on parole. The state imposes a $40 monthly probation fee. Nationwide, reform experts said a significant number of people were sent back to jail in 2023 for breaking supervision rules, not for new crimes, but some Alabama officials argued supervised release works when done right.

Bertram stressed long probation sentences do little to reduce crime, with benefits topping out after about 18 months. She suggested being under supervision works more like a tax on the poor.

"Being on supervision is a really costly experience," Bertram underscored. "There are a lot of people every year who are thrown in jail because even though they were initially not sentenced to incarceration, they weren't able to keep up with all of these requirements, and a lot of the time, it's just because they didn't have the money."

Bertram argued Alabama must reduce supervision populations and eliminate monthly fees but the Alabama Bureau of Pardons and Paroles pointed to its Reentry 2030 strategy, which focuses on job training, treatment and "proactive supervision." The Bureau said its programs have cut recidivism from 30 percent to 4 percent among participants.